上下文：突变测试（MT）是传统软件工程（SE）白盒测试的重要工具。它旨在在系统中人为地注入故障，以评估测试套件检测它们的能力，假设检测套件缺陷查找功能将转化为实际故障。如果长期以来在SE中使用了MT，那么直到最近它才开始引起深度学习（DL）社区的注意，研究人员将其调整以提高DL模型的可检验性并提高DL系统的可信度。目的：如果提出了几种针对MT的技术，则大多数技术忽略了训练阶段固有的DL的随机性。即使是DL中最新的MT方法，它建议通过统计方法解决MT，也可能会带来不一致的结果。确实，由于它们的统计数据基于固定的采样培训实例，因此在任何情况下都应一致的情况下，它可能会导致在设置中的不同结果。方法：在这项工作中，我们提出了一种概率突变测试（PMT）方法，以减轻不一致的问题，并可以更加一致地决定突变体是否被杀死。结果：我们表明，PMT有效地通过使用三个模型和八个突变算子在先前提出的MT方法中评估来有效地对突变做出更一致和知情的决定。我们还分析了近似错误和方法成本之间的权衡，这表明可以以可管理的成本来实现相对较小的错误。结论：我们的结果表明，DNN当前的MT实践的局限性以及重新考虑它们的需求。我们认为，PMT是朝着该方向迈出的第一步，可以有效消除由DNN训练的随机性引起的先前方法的测试执行的一致性。

深度学习（DL）框架现在被广泛使用，简化了复杂模型的创建以及它们对各种应用的集成甚至到非DL专家。但是，就像任何其他程序一样，他们容易发生错误。本文与命名静默错误的错误分类：它们会导致错误的行为，但它们不会导致系统崩溃或挂起，也不会向用户显示错误消息。这种错误在DL应用程序和框架中更危险，因为系统的“黑匣子”和系统的随机性质（最终用户无法理解模型如何做出决定）。本文介绍了Keras和Tensorflow Silent错误的第一个实证研究，以及它们对用户节目的影响。从Tensorflow Github存储库中提取与KERA相关的封闭问题。在我们收集的1,168个问题中，77个影响了影响用户程序的可重复静音错误。我们根据“用户程序的影响”和“发生问题”的“发生问题的组件”归类错误。然后，我们根据用户程序的影响，我们为每个问题派生威胁级别。为了评估所确定的类别和影响规模的相关性，我们使用103个DL开发人员进行了在线调查。参与者普遍同意DL库中静音错误的重大影响，并承认了我们的研究结果（即，沉默错误的类别和拟议的影响量表）。最后，利用我们的分析，我们提供了一套指导方针，以促进对DL框架中的这些错误的保护。

背景信息：在过去几年中，机器学习（ML）一直是许多创新的核心。然而，包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中，例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的，因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的：本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战，以及文献中提出的解决方案，以解决它们，回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统？'方法：我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述（SLR），涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题，被认为是ML认证的主要支柱：鲁棒性，不确定性，解释性，验证，安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题，并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果：单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情，以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系，以加深域名研究。最后，它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性，这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论：我们强调了目前部署的努力，以实现ML基于ML的软件系统，并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。

深度神经网络（DNN）应用越来越多地成为我们日常生活的一部分，从医疗应用到自动车辆。 DNN的传统验证依赖于准确度措施，然而，对抗示例的存在突出了这些准确度措施的局限性，特别是当DNN集成到安全关键系统中时提出担忧。在本文中，我们呈现HOMRS，一种通过自动构建从一组初始变质关系构建小型优化的高阶变质关系来提振变质测试的方法。 Homrs的骨干是一个多目标搜索;它利用传统系统测试中绘制的想法，例如代码覆盖，测试用例，路径分集以及输入验证。我们将HOMRS应用于MNIST / LENET和SVHN / VGG，我们报告了它的证据表明它建立了一个小而有效的高阶变换，概括到输入数据分布很好。此外，与诸如DeepXplore的类似的生成技术相比，我们表明我们的分发的方法更有效，从不确定量化的观点产生有效的变换，同时通过利用方法的泛化能力来实现更少的计算时间。

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Mixtures of von Mises-Fisher distributions can be used to cluster data on the unit hypersphere. This is particularly adapted for high-dimensional directional data such as texts. We propose in this article to estimate a von Mises mixture using a l 1 penalized likelihood. This leads to sparse prototypes that improve clustering interpretability. We introduce an expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm for this estimation and explore the trade-off between the sparsity term and the likelihood one with a path following algorithm. The model's behaviour is studied on simulated data and, we show the advantages of the approach on real data benchmark. We also introduce a new data set on financial reports and exhibit the benefits of our method for exploratory analysis.

Passive monitoring of acoustic or radio sources has important applications in modern convenience, public safety, and surveillance. A key task in passive monitoring is multiobject tracking (MOT). This paper presents a Bayesian method for multisensor MOT for challenging tracking problems where the object states are high-dimensional, and the measurements follow a nonlinear model. Our method is developed in the framework of factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm (SPA). The multimodal probability density functions (pdfs) provided by the SPA are effectively represented by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). To perform the operations of the SPA in high-dimensional spaces, we make use of Particle flow (PFL). Here, particles are migrated towards regions of high likelihood based on the solution of a partial differential equation. This makes it possible to obtain good object detection and tracking performance even in challenging multisensor MOT scenarios with single sensor measurements that have a lower dimension than the object positions. We perform a numerical evaluation in a passive acoustic monitoring scenario where multiple sources are tracked in 3-D from 1-D time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements provided by pairs of hydrophones. Our numerical results demonstrate favorable detection and estimation accuracy compared to state-of-the-art reference techniques.

Location-aware networks will introduce new services and applications for modern convenience, surveillance, and public safety. In this paper, we consider the problem of cooperative localization in a wireless network where the position of certain anchor nodes can be controlled. We introduce an active planning method that aims at moving the anchors such that the information gain of future measurements is maximized. In the control layer of the proposed method, control inputs are calculated by minimizing the traces of approximate inverse Bayesian Fisher information matrixes (FIMs). The estimation layer computes estimates of the agent states and provides Gaussian representations of marginal posteriors of agent positions to the control layer for approximate Bayesian FIM computations. Based on a cost function that accumulates Bayesian FIM contributions over a sliding window of discrete future timesteps, a receding horizon (RH) control is performed. Approximations that make it possible to solve the resulting tree-search problem efficiently are also discussed. A numerical case study demonstrates the intelligent behavior of a single controlled anchor in a 3-D scenario and the resulting significantly improved localization accuracy.

This paper presents an introduction to the state-of-the-art in anomaly and change-point detection. On the one hand, the main concepts needed to understand the vast scientific literature on those subjects are introduced. On the other, a selection of important surveys and books, as well as two selected active research topics in the field, are presented.

Our aim is to build autonomous agents that can solve tasks in environments like Minecraft. To do so, we used an imitation learning-based approach. We formulate our control problem as a search problem over a dataset of experts' demonstrations, where the agent copies actions from a similar demonstration trajectory of image-action pairs. We perform a proximity search over the BASALT MineRL-dataset in the latent representation of a Video PreTraining model. The agent copies the actions from the expert trajectory as long as the distance between the state representations of the agent and the selected expert trajectory from the dataset do not diverge. Then the proximity search is repeated. Our approach can effectively recover meaningful demonstration trajectories and show human-like behavior of an agent in the Minecraft environment.